Spray a loaf pan with baking spray or butter it. Sprinkle the pan with a little flour and tap out the excess. Cut a strip of parchment paper so it'll fit in the cake pan with overhanging edges (overhanging the longer sides) which will help you get the cake out later, as shown in the post.
Preheat the oven to 300ºF (150ºC.)
In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, beat the butter and sugar on medium high speed until light and fluffy, about 5 minutes, stopping to scrape down the sides of the bowl once or twice.
While the butter and sugar are beating, put the chopped chocolate in a moisture-free, medium-size bowl and set it over a pan of barely simmering water, stirring gently until smooth. Turn off the heat but keep the bowl over the water so it stays warm.
Put the dulce de leche in a medium-size microwavable bowl and heat it for about 30 seconds until it's soft and fluid. If you don't have a microwave oven you can warm it in a small saucepan, then pour it into a medium-size bowl.
When the butter and sugar is light and fluffy, Add the eggs one at a time with the mixer on medium speed, stopping the mixer to scrape down the sides of the bowl after each addition. Whisk together the flour, salt, and baking powder in a small bowl.
Using a flexible silicone or spatula, mix one-third of the dry ingredients into the butter mixture just until it's almost all mixed in. (Don't overbeat the batter when adding any of the ingredients during this step or you can end of with cake with tunnels or tough cake.) Stir in half of the sour cream or buttermilk, then half of the remaining dry ingredients. Add the rest of the sour cream or buttermilk then the rest of the dry ingredients, stirring just until everything is incorporated, but no more.
Divide the batter into three portions; put one third (about 300g/1 1/3 cups) in the bowl with the melted chocolate and stir them together along with the cocoa powder. Add another third of the batter in the bowl with the dulce de leche and stir until combined. Stir the vanilla extract into the remaining one-third of the batter in the mixing bowl.
Using spring-loaded ice cream scoops, one for each batter if you have them, make five rows of chocolate and vanilla batter side-by-side in an alternating pattern down both sides of the pan. (As shown in the post.) Add scoops of the dulce de leche batter down the center of the pan. Tap the pan lightly on the counter to settle the batters.
Working to create a checkerboard, for the next layer, put scoops of chocolate batter over the scoops of vanilla batter in the pan, then put scoops of dulce de leche batter over the scoops of chocolate batter in the pan. Finish (well, almost!) with scoops of vanilla batter down the center of the pan. Finally...place scoops of leftover batters on top of the scoops of batter in the cake pan. Tap the pan on the counter to settle the batters and remove air pockets. Use a toothpick or butter knife to run it through the batter about six or seven times, so they're mingling with each other.
Bake the cake until the center is just set and a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean, about 1 hour, 30 minutes. Let cool for 15 minutes, then use the parchment to lift the cake out of the pan and cool on a wire rack.